Diagnostic radiology relies on the controlled production and optimization of X-ray beams to achieve high-quality diagnostic images while maintaining patient radiation exposure within safe limits. Among the key technical parameters influencing image quality and dose, tube voltage (kVp) and filtration play a central role in determining X-ray beam quality. Tube voltage governs the maximum and mean energy of the photon spectrum, thereby affecting beam penetration, image contrast, and radiation dose distribution. Filtration, on the other hand, selectively removes low-energy photons that contribute to patient dose without improving image formation, thereby hardening the beam and improving dose efficiency. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical principles underlying X-ray beam production, with a focused discussion on the effects of kVp and filtration on beam quality, image characteristics, and patient dose. It also highlights the clinical implications of parameter selection in different radiographic applications such as chest, skeletal, pediatric, and mobile radiography. Furthermore, recent advancements in spectral shaping, filtration technologies, and dose optimization strategies are discussed in the context of modern digital imaging systems. The review emphasizes the importance of balancing image quality and radiation protection in accordance with the ALARA principle. An understanding of kVp and filtration enables radiologic technologists to optimize imaging protocols, reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, and ensure diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords: X-ray beam quality, Tube voltage (kVp), Filtration; Radiation dose optimization, ALARA principle, Diagnostic radiography, Image quality, Half-value layer (HVL), Scatter radiation, Radiologic technologist.